Early on I became obsessed by the sound of saturation. That lovely tone Beatle recordings have: the guitars, the squashed tea-towel-drum-sound of Ringo. I discovered Hendrix, Steely Dan (open HIFI sound with warm saturated guitar solos), Todd Rundgren and many more. As a guitar player myself since the age of 12 I got obsessed in finding great sounds using overdrive.
The magic of overtones
Saturation adds overtones, harmonics to a sound. Using a true sine wave signal you can find out which overtones are created by the saturation device. Often these harmonics have their own enveloppe. Often the harmonics have a faster decay than the original sound when using mild saturation. This is the sound I love the most. These kind of harmonics are creating a more interesting and complex sound but won’t sound overly distorted..
When you really push an overdrive into the extremes you will notice that complex chords will start to sound bad because of the many overtones which are added to the chord sound. The sound simply because overly complicated. But power chords (often used in rock and metal) containing nothing but the root note and the fifth, with or without the octave, sounds extremely powerful through an overdrive. The overdrive makes the chord more complex sounding than it actually is, thanks to the harmonics, the overtones.
What I describe as a great and warm sounding overdrive device is related to the musical sounding overtones it adds to a signal:
- the device should create overtones based on octaves
- the device should create overtones based on perfect fifths
- the overdrive device might also create additional intervals, like major thirds, but they should only occur in the higher overtones/harmonics range (2 octaves higher) or else it will make the overdrive sound dissonant
The tools I’ve used for my test
Propellerhead Reason is a great tool for experimenting with saturation because Reason includes many devices which can overdrive a signal. For today’s experiment I am comparing two of my favourite devices: the Pulveriser and the Revival Rack Extension. Revival is a tonewheel synth with a superb FX section containing a Preamp section with several modeled amplifier types, each with a unique character and analog-distortion quality.
Using a true sine wave (no overtones) you can exactly find out which overtones are created by the saturation effect. So this is how I did my own tests, using the true sine wave of the Thor Wavetable Osc (A3 sine tone) and send it through either the Pulveriser and Revival. I used the superb Spectrum Display of Ableton Live for analysing.
Thor into the Revival RE with the Brown Preamp at 50%
The peaks are: root A3, 1st overtone A4 (octave, EVEN harmonic), 2nd overtone E5 (perfect fifth, ODD harmonic), 3rd overtone (EVEN harmonic, octave)
Thor into the Revival RE with the Brown Preamp at 75%
The peaks are: root A3, 1st overtone A4 (octave, EVEN harmonic), 2nd overtone E5 (perfect fifth, ODD harmonic), 3rd overtone A5 (EVEN harmonic, octave)
Thor into the Pulveriser with Drive at 50%
The peaks are: root A3, 1st overtone E5 (ODD harmonic, perfect fifth), 2nd overtone C#6 (ODD harmonic, major third!), 3rd overtone G6 (ODD harmonic, ninth!)
Thor into the Pulveriser with Drive at 75%
The peaks are: root A3, 1st overtone A4 (octave, EVEN harmonic), 2nd overtone E5 (ODD harmonic, perfect fifth), 3rd overtone A5 (EVEN harmonic, octave)
Conclusions
When the Drive of the Pulveriser is set to a higher setting the character of the Pulveriser changes and starts to produce musical EVEN overtones.
The Pulveriser creates higher overtones while the Brown preamp shows a warmer high-end rolloff. You can use the Filter and Tone control of the Pulveriser to kill these high frequencies too (experiment with using the filter before or after saturation!).
The decay of the overtones is different too. The Pulveriser has a more static decay while the Brown preamp has a nicer decay on these harmonics/overtones. By the way The Echo has a nice saturation algorithm with a fast decay which is really nice too. Of all the standard devices The Echo, creates the warmest saturation in Reason imo. The Pulveriser as a unit is capable of more diverse sounds, including warm sounding overdriven tones if you know what you’re doing (read: using the filter section in combination with the dirt section).
But lets face it: the Brown preamp of Revival is the real hero here. It can overdrive signals which will stay in that lovely musical zone. The preamp of Revival has many more saturation presets which also sound totally analog to me. And in combination with Softube Amp, Kuassa Creme or Vermillion you can achieve some of the best guitar tones ever.
P.S. The perfect fifth has a ratio of 3 to 2 (3:2) to the root. In the examples above the root is at 440 Hz which makes the fifth: 220* 3 = 660 Hz (= multiplier of 3, ODD harmonic) . And an octave will double the frequency (= multiplier of 2, EVEN harmonic). For example the 1st octave of A 440 Hz is 880 Hz and the 2nd octave is 1760 Hz (= multiplier of 4, EVEN harmonic).
UPDATE: some changes were made because of the additional information and comments I received from Giles Reaves (see comment section below).
12 Comments
Marco, the “gap” you see is the difference between odd vs all (odd + even) harmonics. As a VERY general rule, tape saturation produces odd harmonics (like a square wave) while some tubes produce even or all harmonics. But many guitar amps produce square wave distortion, which indicates odd harmonics, so there are other factors involved to be sure.
All this to say that having both types of saturation like Pulverizer is definitely desirable. And if the “gap” you noticed really sounds that bad, tape saturation would never have achieved the coveted status it now has!
🙂
Thanks for this!
It’s not that the gap sounds really, not at all. For guitar the Brown preamp of Revival has more of a ticker sound compared to the Pulveriser.
The Pulveriser doesn’t sound like tape saturation to me though, but should it?
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Your assertion that this “gap” makes Pulveriser sound thin is what I’m addressing – if this was true, tape and most other saturation devices would also sound thin, right? IF you think Pulveriser sounds thin, all I’m saying is it’s not the “gap”.
And of course, the difference between even and odd (and both) harmonics is not the only quality that creates the “sound” – as you mention, there are other things going on that are also contributing. So just because something creates odd harmonics doesn’t mean it will sound like tape IMO. 🙂
Part of the problem is that the first overtone should be an octave and the second a perfect fifth imo. Even overtones. Pulveriser lacks this on lower settings. You might call it the Power Chord of Saturation. Perfect music harmony (octave + perfect fifth).
I think the higher overtones are of less importance (unless they are on a high noticeable level, which in case of the Pulveriser, they are, so you need to use the filter to kills these frequencies). But it’s the midrange which makes the “warmth” imo.
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No, not “should have” if it’s odd harmonic distortion, which is the most common type. The first overtone in odd harmonic distortion is the octave + fifth. Think square wave here. The perfect fifth is not an “even overtone” as stated above btw, it’s an odd overtone.
Compare to some of the guitar amp sims, like the Kussa if you have them, or the soft tube – not all presets have the first octave harmonic present, and even when present (especially on higher gain settings) the first overtone (2nd harmonic/octave) is often quite low compared to the next (octave + fifth) harmonic.
Hope I’m not misunderstanding you here, but even order harmonic distortion is not the only type of “musical” distortion, and is certainly not the most common type in my experience. Think of it this way – in the simplest case when you increase the gain of a sine wave to an extreme, the waveform that is produces is a SQUARE, because the tops and bottoms are “clipped” off. Guitar amps are more sophisticated than that, which accounts for the presence of even harmonics in addition to the odd in many cases. I’m not distortion expert, just using common sense here, and hopefully what I’m saying is making sense. Interesting article either way – I’m not disputing your findings here, just your conclusions btw. 🙂
Thanks for the clarification! My mistake here to state the 5th as even harmonic. Ha, I am learning something… thanks! 🙂
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I have now updated the post. Again, thanks a lot for your help!
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An old, but good rant on the subject by Jack Endino – explains a few of the things we’ve been talking about here much better than I ever could…
http://www.endino.com/archive/arch2.html
Thanks for that! A great read. Also nice that he refers to intervals like octaves 2:1 and 3:2 for fifths. There’s a (simple) logic to all this… 🙂
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I have not found one device in Reason doing only even harmonics. You?
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UPDATE: Thor’s Shaper can do it. Rectify and Unipulse for the win!
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Nice to know, thanks!